Common Legal Terms You Should Know Before Going to Court

March 17, 2025

Common Legal Terms You Should Know Before Going to Court


Let’s face it — legal jargon can feel like a foreign language. If you’ve ever sat in a courtroom or spoken with a lawyer and thought, “What does that even mean?”, you’re not alone. Whether you're facing a criminal charge, involved in a family law case, or simply want to better understand how the legal system works, knowing some basic legal terms can help reduce stress and boost your confidence.


At Coppins Law Group, we make it a priority to help our clients feel informed and empowered at every stage of their case. So, let’s break down some of the most commonly used legal terms and what they really mean — in plain English.


Arraignment

This is typically your first court appearance after being charged with a crime. During your arraignment, the judge will tell you what you’re being charged with, remind you of your rights, and ask you to enter a plea — usually “guilty,” “not guilty,” or “no contest.” It’s also when the court decides on your bond and whether you’ll remain in custody or be released.


Appeal

If you believe the court made a mistake in your case — whether it was during trial, sentencing, or even a legal ruling — you may have the right to appeal. An appeal asks a higher court to review the decision and potentially change the outcome. It's not a second trial, but a legal argument about what went wrong the first time.


Affidavit

An affidavit is a written statement of facts that a person swears is true. It’s signed under oath and often used as evidence in court when someone can’t appear in person.


Bail and Bond

Bail is the amount of money set by the court to make sure you come back for your future hearings. If you pay the full amount, that’s bail. If you use a bonding company to pay a portion of it, you’ve posted a bond. Either way, the goal is the same: you get released from jail while your case is pending.


Bench Warrant

If you miss a court date or fail to follow a judge’s order, the court may issue a bench warrant for your arrest. It allows law enforcement to take you into custody and bring you before the judge.


Citation

A citation is another word for a ticket. It’s a written notice from law enforcement that you've allegedly broken a law — like a traffic offense — and that you're expected to appear in court or pay a fine.


Civil Infraction

A civil infraction is a non-criminal offense, like speeding or a parking violation. It usually results in a fine but won’t go on your criminal record or lead to jail time.


Complainant

This is the person who initiates the legal action or complaint — in criminal cases, this is typically the victim or the one who reported the alleged crime.


Defendant

The defendant is the person who has been accused of a crime or named in a legal proceeding. If you’re facing charges, you're the defendant.


Convict

To convict someone means they have been found guilty of the charge(s) against them, either by pleading guilty or being found guilty at trial.


Controlled Substances Act

This refers to the body of laws that regulate the possession, use, and distribution of drugs. In Michigan, this includes everything from marijuana to prescription pills and more serious substances.


Contempt of Court

If someone disobeys a judge's order, causes disruptions, or refuses to cooperate with the court, they can be held in contempt. This can result in fines or jail time — it’s essentially a punishment for disrespecting the legal process.


Cobbs Plea

This is a Michigan-specific plea deal where the judge agrees to a sentence range before the defendant officially pleads guilty. If the judge later decides to impose a harsher sentence, the defendant can withdraw the plea. It gives defendants some protection and predictability when accepting a deal.


Deferred Judgment of Guilt

In some cases, the court may delay entering a judgment of guilt. Instead, the person is given conditions to meet — like probation, treatment, or community service. If completed successfully, the case might be dismissed, and the conviction won’t go on their record.


Adjournment

An adjournment simply means the court date has been pushed back. It could be for any number of reasons — the judge’s schedule, more time needed to prepare the case, or at the request of one of the parties.


Bind Over

This term comes up during a preliminary exam in felony cases. If the judge decides there's enough evidence, they’ll “bind over” the case to the circuit court for trial. It’s a signal that the case is moving forward in the legal process.


Circuit Court Misdemeanor

While most misdemeanors are handled in district court, some that carry more than a year of jail time can go to circuit court. These are more serious misdemeanors and are treated similarly to felonies in terms of process.


Community Supervision or Probation

Instead of sending someone to jail, the court may place them on probation. This means the person must follow certain conditions like drug testing, curfews, or counseling. If they violate those terms, they could be sent to jail.


Probation Order Amendments

Sometimes, the terms of probation need to be updated. That could mean adding a treatment program, allowing someone to move, or changing reporting requirements. These amendments must be approved by the court.


Client Information Release Authorization

If you’re working with a counselor or social worker while on probation, you may be asked to sign this form. It gives permission for your probation officer to speak with your treatment provider — to make sure you're staying on track.


Criminal Tracking Number (CTN)

Every criminal case in Michigan is assigned a CTN — a unique number that helps track the case throughout the system. It’s like your case’s fingerprint.


Computerized Criminal History (CCH)

This is a statewide system that stores criminal history records. Law enforcement and courts use it to see prior offenses, probation status, and other relevant history.


Crime Victim’s Rights Act

This Michigan law ensures that victims of crimes have a voice. It gives them the right to be informed, present, and heard during key parts of the criminal justice process, like sentencing or parole hearings.


Contested vs. Uncontested Hearings

In a contested hearing, the two sides disagree and present arguments to a judge. In an uncontested hearing, they’ve reached an agreement or the issue isn’t being challenged.


Disposition

This term refers to how the case ends — whether through dismissal, guilty plea, not guilty verdict, or other resolution.


Expungement

If you’ve completed your sentence and meet certain eligibility requirements, you may be able to get your criminal record wiped clean. This is called expungement, and it can help with finding work or housing in the future.


Final Thoughts

Understanding legal terms is an important part of feeling in control during what may be a stressful time. The court process can be confusing, but it doesn't have to be. At Coppins Law Group, we believe that clear communication is key. That’s why we take the time to explain every part of your case in straightforward terms — and why we offer resources like this to help you feel prepared and informed.



If you're facing a legal situation and unsure what something means, don’t hesitate to ask. There's no such thing as a silly question when your freedom, record, or family is on the line. We’re here to help you make sense of it all — and fight for the best possible outcome.

Divorce in Michigan: What You Need to Know Before Filing

May 23, 2025
Divorce is never easy, but understanding how the process typically works in Michigan may help you make informed decisions from the start. Whether you're considering filing or just want to be prepared in case things move in that direction, this article outlines key information to understand about the divorce process in Michigan. Michigan Is a No-Fault Divorce State Michigan follows a no-fault divorce system. This means you generally do not have to prove that your spouse did anything wrong to file for divorce. The only legal reason typically required is that "there has been a breakdown of the marriage to the extent that the objects of matrimony have been destroyed and there remains no reasonable likelihood that the marriage can be preserved." This allows for a more straightforward process, at least from a legal standpoint. However, while fault is not required to file, it may still be considered in some cases when dividing property or determining spousal support. Residency Requirements To file for divorce in Michigan, you or your spouse must meet certain residency requirements: One spouse must have lived in Michigan for at least 180 days before filing One spouse must have lived in the county where the case is filed for at least 10 days If both spouses have recently moved, it's important to verify whether you meet these timelines before starting the process. What Typically Happens When You File for Divorce The process generally begins when one spouse (the plaintiff) files a complaint for divorce in the county circuit court. This document typically outlines the reason for the divorce and requests certain outcomes, such as child custody, property division, and alimony. Once filed, the other spouse (the defendant) will usually be served with the complaint and has a limited time to respond—typically 21 days if served in person, or 28 days if served by mail. If the other party fails to respond, the court may proceed with a default judgment, potentially granting the filing spouse the terms requested in the complaint. Waiting Periods in Michigan Michigan law imposes mandatory waiting periods depending on whether children are involved: No children : 60-day waiting period Minor children involved : 180-day waiting period This means your divorce generally cannot be finalized until the appropriate time has passed, even if both spouses agree on all terms. Child Custody and Support Considerations If you have minor children, your divorce will typically include custody, parenting time, and child support determinations. Michigan courts use the best interest of the child standard when making custody decisions. Parents may be awarded joint legal custody (decision-making authority) or one may be awarded sole legal custody. Physical custody and parenting time schedules will also typically be outlined in the final judgment. Child support is generally calculated using a statewide formula that considers income, number of overnights, and other factors like childcare costs and insurance. The Michigan Child Support Formula is typically required, but in some cases, deviations may be allowed with proper justification. Property Division: Equitable Distribution Michigan is an equitable distribution state. This means marital property will typically be divided fairly, but not always equally. The court will generally examine: The length of the marriage Contributions by each spouse (including homemaking) Earning capacity and financial situation Age and health of each spouse Any fault that contributed to the breakdown of the marriage Marital property typically includes assets and debts acquired during the marriage, such as homes, vehicles, bank accounts, retirement accounts, and credit card debt. Separate property, such as an inheritance or pre-marital assets, may not be subject to division unless it was commingled or increased in value due to joint efforts. Alimony (Spousal Support) Considerations Alimony is not automatic in Michigan. The court will typically consider whether one spouse needs support and whether the other has the ability to pay. Factors may include: Length of the marriage The age and health of both parties Each spouse's income and earning potential Standard of living during the marriage Contributions to the marriage (including raising children) Fault or misconduct, if relevant There are different types of spousal support that may be considered: temporary (during the divorce), rehabilitative (to help one party become self-sufficient), or long-term (in certain cases). A skilled divorce attorney in Michigan may help evaluate these factors based on the unique circumstances of your case. Working with a Lawyer for Divorce While it is technically possible to represent yourself, working with a divorce attorney may provide significant advantages. Divorce involves important legal rights around custody, property, and finances. Mistakes made early in the process may be difficult or impossible to correct later. Working with a Michigan divorce attorney may help you: Avoid common legal pitfalls Understand your rights under Michigan law Properly value and evaluate marital property Ensure parenting time and support matters are handled appropriately Navigate alimony considerations At Coppins Law Group, PLLC, the firm assists clients in Mount Clemens and surrounding areas in navigating divorce proceedings. Mediation and Settlement Options Many divorce cases in Michigan are resolved outside of court through negotiation or mediation. This approach often leads to faster, less expensive, and less stressful outcomes. If the parties can agree on terms, they may draft a consent judgment of divorce that the judge will review and, if approved, finalize. Even if you're open to settling, having a divorce lawyer review any agreements before signing may be important to avoid potential long-term consequences. High-Conflict or Contested Divorce In some cases, parties cannot agree on major issues like custody, support, or property. This is called a contested divorce and may involve: Discovery (gathering financial and legal documents) Depositions Multiple court hearings A final trial While this can be a longer and more expensive process, it may be necessary when one side refuses to cooperate or when there are major disagreements about facts or fairness. Asset Discovery Considerations If you believe your spouse may be hiding income, business interests, or assets, an attorney may help with discovery tools to investigate. Courts typically take this seriously, and any party caught hiding property may face penalties and lose credibility with the judge. A skilled divorce attorney may be able to subpoena bank records, tax filings, and other documents to help uncover the full financial picture. Final Judgment and Aftermath Once all issues are resolved, the court will typically enter a final judgment of divorce, which outlines all custody, support, and property terms. This document is legally binding. If either party violates its terms, the other may seek enforcement through the court. Modifications may be possible later, but typically only if there is a significant change in circumstances. Understanding the Process Divorce can feel overwhelming, but understanding what to expect may make the process less intimidating. Michigan law has established procedures for how custody, property, and support are typically handled, but every case involves unique circumstances. If you're thinking about filing or need guidance during a divorce, the team at Coppins Law Group, PLLC is available to discuss your situation. The firm provides honest assessment, skilled representation, and advocacy for clients in Mount Clemens and across Michigan. Disclaimer : This article provides general information about Michigan divorce law and is not intended as legal advice. Every divorce case involves unique circumstances that require individual legal analysis. The information contained in this guide should not be used as a substitute for professional legal counsel. For advice specific to your situation, please consult with a qualified family law attorney.

Understanding How Child Custody Is Decided in Michigan

May 14, 2025
If you're going through a separation or divorce in Michigan and have children, custody decisions are likely one of your biggest concerns. Who will the child live with? How much time will each parent get? What rights do both parents have? These are questions that come up in nearly every case involving minor children.  This informational guide will walk you through how child custody is typically decided in Michigan so you can understand what to expect and how the process generally works. The Basics: Two Types of Custody Michigan law divides custody into two categories: Legal custody refers to the right to make major decisions about the child's life. This includes education, medical care, and religious upbringing. Physical custody refers to where the child lives on a daily basis and who is responsible for day-to-day care. Each type of custody can be awarded to one parent (sole custody) or shared between both parents (joint custody). Courts in Michigan often consider joint legal custody unless there are clear reasons that might make this arrangement unsuitable. Best Interest of the Child Standard The most important factor in any custody case is what the court calls the best interest of the child. Michigan courts follow 12 specific factors outlined in Michigan Compiled Laws Section 722.23 to evaluate what arrangement might support the child's welfare and development. These factors include: Factor A : The love, affection, and emotional ties between the child and each parent Factor B : The ability of each parent to provide the child with love, affection, guidance, and to continue education and religious upbringing Factor C : The capacity to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care, and other material needs Factor D : The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment and the desirability of maintaining continuity Factor E : The permanence of the proposed custodial home as a family unit Factor F : The moral fitness of each parent Factor G : The mental and physical health of each parent Factor H : The child's home, school, and community record Factor I : The child's reasonable preference, if the court considers the child to be of sufficient age to express preference Factor J : The willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage a close relationship between the child and the other parent Factor K : Any history of domestic violence, regardless of whether it was directed at or witnessed by the child Factor L : Any other relevant factors specific to the particular custody dispute The judge examines all of these details and makes a decision based on what appears to serve the child's needs and welfare. How Courts Typically Approach Decisions There is no one-size-fits-all custody plan. Some families end up with equal parenting time, while others may have one parent with primary custody and the other with a scheduled parenting time arrangement. Courts will typically examine each parent's history of caregiving, living arrangements, job schedules, and communication abilities to determine what might work best for the child. Joint legal custody is commonly considered in Michigan cases. Joint physical custody may also be evaluated, particularly when both parents live reasonably close to each other and have demonstrated an ability to co-parent effectively. When Parents Agree If both parents agree on custody and parenting time, the court will usually approve the agreement unless it appears to go against the child's best interest. This approach may save time, stress, and legal expenses. Agreements are typically detailed and in writing, outlining where the child will live, a schedule for parenting time, and how decisions will be made about school, health care, and other major issues. When Parents Do Not Agree When parents disagree on custody, the case may go to mediation first. Mediation provides both sides an opportunity to reach an agreement with the help of a neutral third party. If mediation is unsuccessful, the court will schedule a hearing. Each side presents evidence and testimony, and the judge makes a decision. The court may also appoint a guardian ad litem or a custody evaluator to investigate and report on the child's best interests. Parenting Time in Michigan Michigan law encourages frequent and continuing contact with both parents when it appears to be in the child's best interest. Parenting time (sometimes called visitation) is usually part of every custody order. Standard parenting time arrangements may include: Alternating weekends Weekday evening visits Alternating holidays Extended summer breaks Courts may also order supervised parenting time in cases involving safety concerns. Can a Child Choose Which Parent to Live With? In Michigan, a child does not have the legal authority to choose which parent to live with. However, a judge may consider the child's preference depending on the child's age, maturity, and reasoning ability. The preference is just one of the 12 factors courts consider. The court will not typically base its decision on the child's choice alone. What Happens if a Parent Wants to Move? If a parent wants to move more than 100 miles away or out of state with the child, they must either get permission from the other parent or seek court approval. This is called a change of domicile. The court will typically consider: The reason for the move Whether the move will improve the quality of life for the child and the moving parent The impact on the child's relationship with the other parent Whether parenting time can still be preserved Relocation cases are often complex and generally require court approval, even if one parent has primary custody. Modifying a Custody Order Life changes. Job schedules shift, children grow, and new challenges arise. Either parent may ask the court to modify an existing custody or parenting time order, but they must typically show: A material change in circumstances has occurred The change affects the best interest of the child Examples might include a parent moving, changes in the child's academic or health needs, or concerns about safety. Working with a Family Law Attorney for Child Custody While it is possible to represent yourself, working with a family law attorney in Michigan may provide significant advantages. At Coppins Law Group, PLLC, the firm understands custody laws, knows how local courts approach these cases, and may help clients present their case clearly and effectively. An experienced child custody lawyer may: Prepare and file court documents correctly Represent clients in mediation or court hearings Help build a case focused on the child's best interest Advocate for fair and realistic parenting plans Understanding the Process Custody decisions have a long-term impact on your child's life and your rights as a parent. Understanding how child custody is typically decided in Michigan may help you make informed choices and avoid common pitfalls. If you're going through a custody case or have questions about parenting time, legal custody, or modifications, the attorneys at Coppins Law Group, PLLC, are available to discuss your situation. Contact them today to schedule a consultation. Disclaimer : This article provides general information about Michigan child custody law and is not intended as legal advice. Every custody case involves unique circumstances that require individual legal analysis. The information contained in this guide should not be used as a substitute for professional legal counsel. For advice specific to your situation, please consult with a qualified family law attorney.